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L-threonine is an essential amino acid that plays significant roles in protein synthesis, metabolism, and overall health. It is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, meaning it is incorporated into proteins during protein synthesis.  

Structure and Properties: L-threonine has the chemical formula C4H9NO3 and is classified as a polar amino acid. It contains a hydroxyl group (-OH) on its side chain, which gives it unique properties. L-threonine exists in two enantiomeric forms: L-threonine, which is the naturally occurring form, and D-threonine, which is less common in biological systems.

Essential Amino Acid: L-threonine is an essential amino acid, which means it cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through the diet. It is necessary for protein synthesis and various physiological processes. Thus, it is crucial to include L-threonine-rich foods in the diet.

Protein Building Block: L-threonine serves as a building block for proteins. During protein synthesis, L-threonine is incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain according to the genetic code. Its presence is important for the proper folding and function of proteins.

Metabolism and Biosynthesis: L-threonine participates in several metabolic pathways in the body. It is involved in the biosynthesis of glycine, serine, and other important compounds. L-threonine can be converted to glycine through a series of enzymatic reactions. It is also involved in the synthesis of phospholipids, which are essential components of cell membranes.

Immune Function and Tissue Repair: L-threonine plays a role in immune function and tissue repair. It is involved in the production of antibodies and immune cells, contributing to a healthy immune response. L-threonine is also important for the maintenance and repair of various tissues, such as the skin, muscles, and connective tissues.
Dietary Sources: Good dietary sources of L-threonine include meat, poultry, fish, dairy products, eggs, legumes, nuts, and seeds. These foods provide the necessary L-threonine for protein synthesis and overall health.

Supplements and Therapeutic Applications: L-threonine supplements are available and may be used in specific therapeutic contexts, such as in the treatment of certain medical conditions or for nutritional support. However, the use of L-threonine supplements should be done under the guidance of a healthcare professional.